What Programs are Used to Make 2d PVs?

so I want to make a PV, a vocaloid one, that looks professional.
well, not really professional, but at least it has to look good.
can you recommend some programs for me and give me some tutorials of it?

also, I'm wondering if any of you guys have any idea what program(s) does tama and ke-sanbeta use?
i hear that they use after effects, but i have no idea how to use after effects for making a PV

these are some examples of tama's and ke-sanbeta's works:





thankyou :D

Yup, it's most likely After Effects~ 
In the PV examples above, it's heavily depending on the artist's pictures.
For example, in Childhood Blues they almost have a full animation video, with the artist drawing all the scenes one by one, then with AE you just need to put all the pictures together and then add subtitles. Of course there are other stuff they do, for example in childhood blues 3:22, on the right they have the artist drawing a frame by frame animation for the flowing hair, in the background they have red particles moving up, a lens flare on the top, and photos dropping down. All these are composed in different layers and needed to make separately~

I'm almost certain that it's not done in iMovie or WMM, flash is also more on movie animations (like cartoons or games), vegas is a good choice for starters, but it lacks the advance features that AE has. Especially in 2:53 (also childhood blues) you see that color split? It's called the twitch effect in After Effects. So I'm pretty sure it's done in AE~
Hope it helps in some way!  ^ ^

For very complex and animation PV's like that, I would say u'd have to be very good with AE ( or even Sony Vegas ) to be able to do that. But AE is generally more used for for those kind of animation that u posted. Plus, even if u get AE it's very difficult to use especially for those who don't know a lot of 2D / 3D animation with a lot of effects added on.

I'd recommend Sony Vegas for very small and basic animation. It's similar like AE, but u're very limited with Sony Vegas unlike AE. But if u're able to build around those limit factors with Sony Vegas, then u can be animating in 2D with just Sony Vegas. It just takes a lot of practice and trial and error to figure out what's good and what's not. It's not easy to have the will to learn, but if u go over step by step with Sony Vegas then once u get AE, it won't seem much of a complicated program to use to make very complex videos. And as Catalyst mentioned, most PVs such as those rely heavly on the artists. U'd would rlly need a dedicated artists who'd be rlly willing to do all that heavy drawing and fram work.